Greetings friends across Virginia. My graduate student, Hannah Swarm, is researching the ecology and management of wireworms in Virginia. Wireworms are the subterranean larval stage of click beetles and can be quite damaging to many crops including potato, sweetpotato, corn, grains, carrot, hemp, to name a few.

For one of her research objectives, we are hoping to document the different species of wireworms that are found in the different regions of the state (Coastal, Piedmont, mountains).

If you happen to have a decent field where we could come visit and dig around the outside perimeter and collect wireworms, we would greatly appreciate it. Please, email us: hannahswarm711@vt.edu and tkuhar@vt.edu. We are collecting during the months of April and May. Many thanks.

Commercial vegetable producers have a new tool to assist with integrated pest management (IPM) of diseases and insects in vegetables. MyIPM for Vegetables is the newest resource in the MyIPM app series (https://myipm.app/) for smartphones and smart devices. It currently includes modules for diseases and insects of cucurbits and tomatoes, and additional vegetable crops are planned to be added in the future. Modules contain images and descriptions of diseases and insects; information on available chemical, biological, and cultural management methods for each disease/insect; and tables of labeled fungicides and insecticides that include active ingredients, product names, FRAC/IRAC codes, efficacy, application rates, preharvest intervals (PHIs), and restricted-entry intervals (REIs). Links to additional resources may also be included.

App content is focused on commercial vegetable production in the southeastern U.S., but users outside the southeastern U.S. and home gardens may also find information in the app useful. The development of MyIPM for Vegetables content was led by vegetable entomology and plant pathology specialists from universities within the southeastern U.S. who are part of the Southeastern Vegetable Extension Workers (SEVEW). The SEVEW are also responsible for the popular Southeast U.S. Vegetable Crop Handbook (www.vegcrophandbook) that has been a key resource for commercial vegetable producers in the southeastern U.S. for over 20 years. Author and image credits for specific disease or insect profiles and pictures are available at http://myipm.app/vegetabltes.

MyIPM for Vegetables is not intended to replace product labels. It is meant to be a tool to help vegetable producers make informed IPM decisions. Pesticide users should always read and follow label instructions prior to use. Product labels may change. Product rates may differ depending on the site of application (e.g., field or greenhouse) or type of application (e.g., foliar-applied or soil-applied. Check product labels for additional instructions, precautions, and/or restrictions not listed in the app. Also, check the state registration status of products prior to purchase and use; products may not be registered for use in all states.

MyIPM for Vegetables is free to download for Apple (Apple Store) and Android devices (Google Play). Content is downloaded directly to phones/devices; an Internet connection or cellular signal is not required to access content once it is downloaded. Updates, however, do require an Internet connection or cell signal, and notifications will pop up when updates for downloaded modules and the appropriate Internet/cell connection is available. The MyIPM series began with MyIPM Fruit & Nut that was originally developed by Clemson University in 2012 for peaches and strawberries; the app has since expanded to include other small fruits, tree fruits, and pecans. Other apps in the series include MyIPM Row Crops and MyIPM Hawaii. The Southern Region IPM Center maintains the databases for the MyIPM series apps.

Acknowledgement

This work is partially supported by the Southern IPM Center (Project S23-043) as part of the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Crop Protection and Pest Management Regional Coordination Program (Agreement No. 2022-70006-38002).

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Prepared by Dr. Rebecca A. Melanson, Associate Extension Professor, Plant Pathology, Central Mississippi Research and Extension Center; Dr. Thomas Kuhar, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech; Dr. Tom Bilbo, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University; and Ms. Inga Meadows, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University.

EPA has finally issued a statement on the revocation of tolerances for chlorpyrifos. For this year, 2024, chlorpyrifos can be used on all product labeled crops. In 2025 and beyond, it will only be allowed on 11 specific crops; alfalfa, apple, asparagus, cherry (tart), citrus, cotton, peach, soybean, strawberry, sugar beet, and wheat (spring and winter). However, there will be further state restrictions on those 11 tolerances coming soon (e.g. chlorpyrifos will only be allowed on tart cherries in MI).

———- Forwarded message ———
From: U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention oppt.epa@public.govdelivery.com
Date: Fri, Feb 2, 2024 at 1:23 PM
Subject: EPA Update on the Use of the Pesticide Chlorpyrifos on Food
To: dlfrank@vt.edu

EPA Update on the Use of the Pesticide Chlorpyrifos on Food
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is issuing an update on the use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on food.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide used for a large variety of agricultural uses, including soybeans, fruit and nut trees, broccoli, cauliflower, and other row crops, as well as non-food uses. In a final rule issued in August 2021, EPA revoked all tolerances for chlorpyrifos, which establish an amount of a pesticide that is allowed on food. This action effectively stopped the use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos on all food and animal feed. EPA took this action in response to an April 2021 order from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for the Agency to issue—within 60 days—a final rule addressing the use of chlorpyrifos in food or feed crops, without taking public comment or engaging in “further fact-finding.”

That tolerance revocation rule was challenged by a chlorpyrifos registrant and several grower groups in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. On November 2, 2023, the Eighth Circuit issued a ruling vacating EPA’s final rule and sending the issue of chlorpyrifos tolerances back to EPA for further proceedings. The ruling did not include a timeframe or specific instructions for EPA to take a final action on the use of chlorpyrifos in food or feed crops without public comment.
EPA is issuing a technical correction in the Federal Register that changed the Code of Federal Regulations to reflect the Eighth Circuit’s decision. The Eighth Circuit’s mandate issued on December 28, 2023, finalized the court’s judgment and vacated the Agency’s 2021 rule revoking chlorpyrifos tolerances.

Since the tolerances are currently in effect, growers can now use currently registered chlorpyrifos products on all crops with reinstated tolerances, consistent with directions for use on those product labels. However, such uses may be subject to restrictions by individual states.

The Eighth Circuit’s decision stated that EPA should have considered modifying the tolerances in addition to complete revocation and noted that the Agency had “identified 11 specific candidates” of food and feed crop uses whose tolerances could be modified in a Preliminary Interim Decision EPA issued in 2020. Thus, the Agency expects to expeditiously propose a new rule to revoke the tolerances for all but 11 uses with additional restrictions for geographic location and rate of application to address safety of the tolerances, and potential restrictions for farmworker and other vulnerable populations, and vulnerable species and their habitats. Those 11 uses are: alfalfa, apple, asparagus, cherry (tart), citrus, cotton, peach, soybean, strawberry, sugar beet, wheat (spring), and wheat (winter). These 11 uses were identified in the December 2020 Chlorpyrifos Proposed Interim Decision and represented about 55% of the total chlorpyrifos usage (average annual pounds applied) on agricultural commodities between 2014-2018.

EPA is also engaged in discussions with registrants of chlorpyrifos products to further reduce exposures associated with these 11 uses of chlorpyrifos. EPA will also consider the 2020 Proposed Interim Decision and public comments received on that document.
At this time, any existing final cancelation orders, including any terms for sale, distribution, and use of existing stocks of products subject to those cancelation orders and related return programs for chlorpyrifos products, remain in place, unless and until amended by EPA.
EPA will continue to update the public as it evaluates and takes any actions related to chlorpyrifos use.
For more information, view the Federal Register Notice.

We continue to monitor corn earworm, fall armyworm, and beet armyworm at several locations around Virginia. On the Eastern Shore, Helene Doughty observed the following this week: Very low (less than 4 moths per week at several of the Northampton County locations, but 34 CEW moths caught in Painter, VA in Accomack County. Fall armyworm activity has been low throughout Virginia, but Helene did pick up on increased numbers (13 moths) in a bucket trap in Townsend, VA. which is the highest so far this year, but still relatively low. In addition, Helene is monitoring for beet armyworm moth, which can deposit eggs on many different crops from soybeans, cotton, and vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, beans, beets, and spinach. There were high numbers of BAW moths (218) caught in Painter, VA this week. So be on the lookout for this pest. I’ve noticed over the years that they will often attack pigweed and lambsquarters weeds before infesting cash crops.

In Clover, VA (Halifax County), Mr. Bill Tiver has been monitoring for CEW moths all summer in his commercial sweet corn and has experienced relatively high catch most of the summer. This week he caught 174 CEW moths coming off of 228 moths last week. These are high numbers and has resulted in high CEW pest pressure. He told me that he has sprayed his sweet corn every 3 days, but has still suffered about 15% ears infested with CEW larvae. We don’t have all the information nailed down for thresholds yet, but moth catch over 100 probably suggests that your spray interval should be reduced to every two days. I know, easier said than done, but we can definitely reach heavy CEW flights, which command frequent controls, especially on non-Bt sweet corn.

In Blacksburg, we have not caught very many CEW moths in our sweet corn (< 5 moths per week), but several harvests of our plots this week yielded about 60-75% ears infested in our untreated control plots, despite low CEW moth trap catch. So, it is hard to figure out what trap catch really means.

By: Taylore Sydnor (graduate student), Tom Kuhar, and Alejandro Del Pozo (Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech)

The European pepper moth, Duponchelia fovealis, is native to southern Europe and became established on the west coast of the U.S. in 2010. Since, it has been reported in at least 15 states, including as a greenhouse ornamental pest in Virginia a few years ago.  We’ve not heard much more about this invasive species until this summer when numerous pepper plants grown at Virginia Tech’s Homefield Farm in Whitethorne, VA began dying from girdling at the base of stems.  The plants were mature and full of developing pepper fruit, which made it very frustrating. 

With the help of several folks on the ORNAENT Digest Listserv, the problem was diagnosed.  A European pepper moth pupa was found in one of the plants.  Dr. Alejandro Del Pozo from the Virginia Tech Hampton Roads AREC has been monitoring for this pest in nurseries in eastern Virginia and shared some pheromone lures.  This week we captured some EPM moths on delta traps placed in the pepper field at Homefield.  

Although we have not 100% confirmed the identity of the moths, but they appear to look exactly like what has been described in the literature – based on size and color patterns; and given that that these moths oriented right to the lure septa containing the sex pheromone of EPM, I’m pretty sure that we have this species attacking peppers in Virginia, especially given the distinct conspicuous girdling damage that we observed. This seems to be pretty indicative of EPM. 

What do we know about this pest?

It is a significant pest of ornamental plants and pepper crops. The larvae cause chewing damage to the stems, roots, flowers, and base leaves of crops. The damage appears as crescent-shaped holes on the outer edge of the foliage. The holes left by the larvae can facilitate fungal infection. They produce silk and can be found on the underside of leaves and on the soil surface by the main stem of the plant. We observed mostly stem girdling damage, which ultimately killed many plants.  The European pepper moth larvae can be hard to detect due to small size. Large numbers of this insect can cause significant damage to the crop. It can easily spread through the movement of cut foliage and potted plants. The adult European pepper moth is small (~9-12 mm long) and is brown in color with two distinctive gold bands on the forewings. A female adult moth can lay up to 200 eggs and are white/green in color. A number of insecticides have been shown to provide effective control including diamides, spinosad, pyrethroids, acephate, and Bt among others. Insecticides should target early instar larvae before feeding.   Monitoring for the moth with pheromone lures and delta traps was effective for detecting this invasive pest species. 

Reference used:

https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leps/european_pepper_moth.htm

With current rainfall from Idalia and cooler temperatures over the next three days, peanut fields with a history of SB (Sclerotinia blight) should be sprayed soon with a fungicide that can reduce losses to that disease.

SB is favored by rainfall and periods of high relative humidity, but what really triggers it is cooler temperatures. The current forecast is for daily highs to be in the upper 70s and 55 to 60° lows over the next three days. Those lows will really get SB cranked up! I have already seen SB slowly moving in my trials and I’ve heard reports that peanut growers are seeing it in some of their fields. According to Dr. David Jordan, peanuts are likely 1 week behind in maturity compared to last year due to the record cool temperatures observed in May, so there’s plenty of time for SB to do some damage.

This late in the game the second spray of Miravis tank-mixed with Elatus surely has been applied, or is about to based on when the first spray was applied. I do not recommend the first application of the Miravis/Elatus tank-mix be used this late, mainly due to it’s having no curative activity on either LLS (late leaf spot) or SB and for reducing risk of fungicide resistance to those chemistries. I’m quite hesitant even to recommend the second application at this time.

The safe bet is applying Omega 500 for SB tank-mixed with an effective fungicide for LLS. If you sprayed Miravis/Elatus the first week of August, I’d prefer to use Omega 500 at 1.0 pt/acre in the next few days to protect against SB. If you have a field that’s notorious for severe losses to SB, you can go to 1.5 pt/acre, but I haven’t seen a big difference in control between the two rates. I consider Omega 500 to have 3 weeks of activity against SB. So if it’s been 3 weeks or more since you applied Omega 500, I’d be thinking about that 2nd application right about now. Remember, Omega 500 has a 30 day PHI (preharvest interval). That’s 30 days prior to harvesting with a peanut picker, not 30 days until digging.

One saving grace is that temperatures go up again next Monday and maintain daily lows in the upper 60s/low 70s and highs in the upper 80s/low 90s until about September 11th according to the current forecast. Most peanuts in the region have fairly dense canopies now, so while the higher temperatures may slow SB development, the disease will continue to progress and potentially explode again if favorable conditions present themselves.

There are several corn earworm pheromone traps being monitored around Virginia. Many of the Eastern Shore locations have reported relatively low numbers this week, except for one humongous exception, the Eastern Shore AREC in Painter, VA, where Helene Doughty counted nearly 800 CEW moths in just two nights in one of the traps. That’s the highest density that I’ve ever seen in 20 years. It’s really quite striking because the other traps around Northampton County, VA didn’t catch very many.

In Halifax County, Virginia, Mr. Bill Tiver, is still reporting relatively high trap catch at his farm. Catch has ranged from 100 to 250 moths per week. Those numbers would likely suggest that CEW control on susceptible crops like sweet corn, tomato, and beans is a must. Sweet corn spray rotations should probably be 3 times a week under that trap catch level. Meanwhile, in Blacksburg, VA, trap catch has been relatively low so far.

Another pest of sweet corn and some other crops is fall armyworm. According to VCE agent, Stephanie Romelczyk, a sweet corn farm in the Northern Neck of Virginia had a fall armyworm outbreak in the whorls, which required a spray of Coragen. We’re all hoping that it did the trick. So in short, it’s definitely time to monitor for the “worm” pests in your late summer crops.

INSECT MONITORING PROGRAM – 2023

We are monitoring for corn earworm in multiple Virginia locations this year using the Heliothis (mesh) trap baited with the Hercon pheromone lure.  These moths can damage numerous crops including sweet corn, tomatoes, cotton, soybeans and green beans. Traps of 7 or more moths per week indicate the need for intensive scouting of crops for the pest.

Thank you to all of our trap monitors. 

Northampton County and Eastern Shore AREC – Led by Helene Doughty, Research Specialist Sr. | Entomology, Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center

Bill Tiver monitoring in Clover, VA (Halifax County)

Brian Currin (Montgomery County, VA)

Week July 20^th – July 27^th 2023   Helitothis traps have been set up in 4 locations in Northampton County as well as one location each in Accomack County, Montgomery County, and Halifax County to monitor the activity of the corn earworm moths.  Pheromone bucket traps have also been set up in Northhampton County to monitor the flight activity of the fall armyworm. 

Fall armyworm trap catch has been low so far, although it’s a little early for that tropical moth. 

Within the past week two outbreaks of FLS (frogeye leaf spot) have been reported in southeastern Virginia. Southeastern Virginia has experienced warm, humid conditions and frequent rain events which favor FLS development. Both outbreaks were found on soybean varieties susceptible to FLS in the R1 stage. This creates an issue as the recommendation for fungicide timing on soybeans is R3-R5. Having disease already in the field is also less than ideal as fungicides perform better if applied prior to symptom development. To deal with this situation I recommend:

Scout fields for FLS and Target…

• fields planted to FLS-susceptible varieties and with a history of frogeye leaf spot
• fields in continuous soybean production
• fields in short rotations between soybean crops
• fields with conservation tillage
• low-lying areas of fields

If you have fields that meet the above risk factors you should use a preventive fungicide application no sooner than R1. If you find FLS in R1 soybeans spray immediately with a FRAC Group 3 (DMI, triazole) fungicide as these fungicides have some curative activity. University pathologists in the U.S. have had the best results with Domark, Topguard, Lucento, Revytek, and Miravis Top when spraying after FLS is detected. Follow-up sprays may be needed if FLS continues to progress.

Written by Brian Currin (Entomology Graduate Student at Virginia Tech). Brian is working on sweet corn IPM for his research. Corn earworm monitoring is continuing in Virginia. As we grow nearer to the time corn begins to silk, and when corn earworm moths lay their eggs, monitoring is important for integrated pest management strategies.

Trap catch for this week ending July 20 at two locations was as follows:

Clover, VA (Data collected by Bill Tiver) 77 moths per wk (high pressure)
Blacksburg, VA (Data collected by Brian Currin) only 2 moths (very low pressure)

The farm in Blacksburg has yet to reach its reproductive stage but during trap monitoring more adults were seen flying in the corn.