By Lorena Lopez, Kelly McIntyre, and Tom Kuhar

Last year, we at Virginia Tech started a pickleworm and melonworm monitoring program consisting of information exchange between cucurbit growers and extension agents across the state that looked for these pests’ damage to cucurbit blossoms or fruits. In 2021, we recorded up to 80% of squash fruits or flower buds infested with either pickleworms or melonworms. This year we continued with the monitoring efforts by monitoring closely summer squash fields in the Eastern Shore, Blacksburg, and Chesapeake area and no pickleworms nor melonworms have been detected.

Additionally, we set up traps with pickleworm pheromone lures in squash and pumpkin fields in Montross, Hillsville, Cape Charles, Painter, Hampton Roads, and Madison County. If these moths are present in the area, they will be attracted to the lure at night when they are active. After two weeks of trapping, no pickleworms or melonworms have been caught in the traps. We will continue to trap these pests as the summer squash season finishes and the pumpkin season continues and will keep you updated.

By Kelly McIntyre¹, Helene Doughty², Lorena Lopez², and Tom Kuhar¹

This summer and fall, we are tracking moth flight numbers around Virginia using pheromone traps for three important pests, fall armyworm (FAW), which can attack most grasses, corn, sorghum, small grains, and even alfalfa; pickleworm, which is a late season pest of squash, pumpkins, and cucumbers, and corn earworm (CEW), which attacks over 300 host plants including many of the major crops in Virginia.  FAW and pickleworm do not overwinter in Virginia and typically are carried northward in late summer on storm fronts coming from the south. 

Researchers have demonstrated that certain trap types are better for certain moth species.  We are monitoring fall armyworm moths using the bucket trap baited with a Trece FAW pheromone lure and placed near corn fields.  We are monitoring the presence of pickleworm moths using the Trece Deltatrap baited with the pheromone lure and placed around pumpkin fields.  Corn earworm is monitored using the Heliothis mesh trap or the Hartstack wire mesh trap, which catches the most corn earworm moths among all trap types. 

FW = fall armyworm; PW= pickleworm; CEW = Corn Earworm
name	location	date checked	# days since last check	# FAW (if applicable)	# PW (if applicable)	# CEW (if applicable)
Mcintyre	Homefield Farm – Whitethorne	8/9	6	9	0	5
Mcintyre	Wall Farm – Blacksburg	8/9	6	na	na	109
Mcintyre	Turfgrass Center – Blacksburg	8/9	6	3	0	0
Mcintyre	Homefield Farm – Whitethorne	8/17	8	11	0	0
Mcintyre	Wall Farm – Blacksburg	8/17	8	na	na
Mcintyre	Turfgrass Center – Blacksburg	8/17	8	4	0	0
Mcintyre	Homefield Farm – Whitethorne
Mcintyre	Wall Farm – Blacksburg
Mcintyre	Turfgrass Center – Blacksburg
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	6/15	7	na	na	30
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	6/22	7	na	na	8
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	6/29	7	na	na	7
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	7/6	7	na	na	24
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	7/13	7	na	na	5
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	7/20	7	0	na	18
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	7/27	7	0	na	39
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	8/3	7	2	na	19
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	8/12	9
Doughty	ESAREC, Painter, VA	8/17	5			155
Romelczyk	Montross	8/12	4	0
Romelczyk	Montross	8-17	9		0
Lopez	ESAREC, Painter, VA	8/18	7	na	0	na
Flanagan	Cullipher Farms, VB, VA	8/18	N/A	34	0
Lopez	HRAREC	8/18	7	na	0	na
Lopez	Sea Breeze Farm, Cape Charles	8/18	7	na	0	42
Deitch	Arlington RD – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	na		8
Deitch	Seaview – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	na		246
Deitch	Machipongo – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	na		43
Deitch	Nassawadox – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	0		na
Deitch	Townsend – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	0		na
Deitch	Kendall Grove – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	0		na
Deitch	Red Bank Road – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	0		na
Deitch	Exmore – Northampton Co.	8/2	7	0		na
Deitch	Arlington RD – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	na		25
Deitch	Seaview – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	na		3
Deitch	Machipongo – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	na		66
Deitch	Nassawadox – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	na		8
Deitch	Townsend – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	0		na
Deitch	Kendall Grove – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	1		na
Deitch	Red Bank Road – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	0		na
Deitch	Exmore – Northampton Co.	8/9	7	0		na
Deitch	Arlington RD – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	na		16
Deitch	Seaview – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	na		4
Deitch	Machipongo – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	na		168
Deitch	Nassawadox – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	na		4
Deitch	Townsend – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	1		na
Deitch	Kendall Grove – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	0		na
Deitch	Red Bank Road – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	0		na
Deitch	Exmore – Northampton Co.	8/16	7	0		na

By Kyle Bekelja (postdoc), Tom Kuhar (Professor), and Sally Taylor (Associate Professor) Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech

We installed our pheromone bucket traps for fall armyworm in late July at Homefield Farm in Whitethorne, VA and we caught moths the first week (8 per trap).  This alerted us that this tropical moth pest had already reached southwest Virginia.  Then, this week, August 16, 2022, we noticed a pretty bad infestation of FAW larvae in our sweet corn at this same location. 

The Pest.  Fall armyworm (FAW) is a moth pest that migrates northward during late summer and early fall. Be on the lookout for this pest especially during times of northerly winds (such as tropical storms) which can carry female moths to Virginia late in the season. Fall armyworms have a wider host range that includes more than 80 plants: vegetables include sweet corn, tomatoes, and peppers, field and forage crops such as alfalfa, cotton, and peanuts, and ornamental commodities, especially turfgrass. Last year, FAW hit turfgrass hard in Virginia; this year, we have already started seeing it in sweet corn.  Based on observations from Dr. Scott Stewart in Tennessee, we believe that this strain of FAW favors corn and is likely not going to be a huge turf pest like we saw in fall 2021. 

Identification

Be on the lookout for shotgun-patterned damage and lots of frass (i.e., poop) in the corn whorl, shown in Figure 1 (we noticed feeding that was concentrated on un-emerged tassels). If you dig deep inside the whorl, you’re likely to find a caterpillar with the telltale inverted “Y” on its forehead, and four black dots at the tail-end of the abdomen, shown in Figure 2.

Treatment Evaluation. We collected FAW caterpillars from sweet corn at Homefield Farm in Blacksburg, VA on August 16, 2022, and assessed percent mortality using treatments listed in Table 1. We placed caterpillars in 1-ounce cups with corn tassels that were dipped into solutions of treatments, and assessed mortality after 24-hours. All treatments provided good control compared to a water check. Although the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin resulted in over 83% mortality of FAW, the two products that combine the diamide chlorantraniliprole with pyrethroids (Beseige and Elevest) resulted in 100% mortality after 24 hours.

Insecticide bioassay Results of field-collected fall armyworm larvae.

 Control. Insecticides recommended for controlling FAW include pyrethroids (such as Lambda-Cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and others) and more selective caterpillar-targeting insecticides such as Prevathon, Coragen, and Acelepryn. Consider using some of these more selective options during times when pollinators are more active (e.g., while sweet corn is tasseling). Consult the relevant pest management guides for specific recommendations on various commodities. Remember that control of large caterpillars is often difficult with any insecticide.

The system that brought rain on August 10th seems to have broken our streak of hot weather for Virginia’s peanut growing region. Dailey high’s in the 80s with lows in the 60s will continue until August 23rd according to my weather app. The temperature Saturday the 13th may not get above 80^o F and the low may be in the upper 50s, which is very favorable for the development of Sclerotinia blight. I anticipate the risk of Sclerotinia blight to be high the next 2 weeks, so fungicide sprays may be warranted in fields with a history of that disease. If growers have sprayed the second spray of Miravis + Elatus fungicides within the past 2 weeks they should be covered. I do not recommend spraying the Miravis + Elatus fungicide tank-mix now if you haven’t sprayed it already due to fungicide resistance concerns with late leaf spot and the lack of curative or “kick back” activity if leaf spot already exists. If the Miravis + Elatus tank-mix has not been sprayed twice already I recommend using Omega 500 at the labeled rates for Sclerotinia blight sooner than later. Typically we recommend growers scout for Sclerotinia blight when the risk of that disease is high according to the Virginia Sclerotinia Blight Advisory. Omega 500 will have greater efficacy if applied prior to or at the initial onset of disease. Follow-up sprays may be made using Omega 500 21 days after the first application if favorable disease weather persists.

As always, if you have questions or concerns about diseases of agronomic crops please feel free to call or text me at (757) 870-8498 or e-mail me at dblangston@vt.edu.

Corn

Virginia growers are over the hump so far as corn disease management is concerned.  Late season diseases such as tar spot and southern corn rust have not been observed in Virginia at this time and we are past the R3 (milk) stage which is the cutoff for making effective fungicide applications for each disease.  Click the link for updated maps showing where each disease is currently in the U.S. https://corn.ipmpipe.org/diseases/

Peanuts

As of August 1st, peanut growth and development is a little behind in areas that have experienced periods of severe drought.  Heat units for peanuts planted on May 1st so far are on par with 2021, which was a record-breaking year so far as yield is concerned.  Growers in Virginia have made at least one fungicide application for leaf spot by August 1st, and many have made 2 applications.  The risk of Sclerotinia blight has been variable based on the differences in vine growth due to drought in certain areas, however, recent rainfall events have been more numerous in the region and I expect disease pressure will continue to increase.  Increased rainfall and relative humidity will shorten the LESD (last effective spray date) for leaf spot for most fungicide chemistries and growers using Miravis should consider spraying at 21 days after the first application if disease risk for leaf spot is continually high since the last spray of that product.  Growers that have already made applications of Miravis tank-mixed with Elatus will have some protection against Sclerotinia blight and growers that are opting for Omega 500 should be scouting fields with histories of that disease, especially in those fields where peanut canopies are dense, to make applications at disease onset.  If Miravis or the Miravis/Elatus combo was not applied as the first or second fungicide application I do not recommend using it in August or later due to concerns with fungicide resistance and the lack of curative or “kick back” activity associated with those chemistries.    If peanut leaf spot severity becomes high due to weather and the inability to get equipment in fields to make timely fungicide applications, rescue treatments using Microthiol Disperss or chlorothalonil tank-mixed with Group 3 fungicides, such as Provost Silver, to reduce defoliation prior to digging.

Soybean

Fungicides have recently been going out for foliar diseases recently as most soybeans are in the R1 – R5 growth stages.  Recent weather patterns have brought and continue to bring rain events and high relative humidity which favor the development of frogeye leaf spot and other foliar diseases.  My main concern for fungicide applications is to avoid using Group 11 (strobilurin) fungicide chemistries alone as fungicide resistance to those has been previously documented in the frogeye leaf spot pathogen in Virginia.  There are plenty of Group 3 (triazoles), Group 7 (SDHI) and Group 11 fungicide combinations available to manage foliar soybean diseases.  Also, I’m thinking of naming August as “SDS (sudden death syndrome) month” as that is when SDS usually starts showing up.  The first clinic sample with SDS came in Tuesday on soybeans planted April 15th.  Typically, SDS symptoms occur in early planted and early maturing soybeans first and continue as soybeans mature.  Soybeans planted early in cool (at or below 60°F), moist soils are more at risk of infection by the pathogen that causes SDS, Fusarium virguliforme.  The most visible symptoms occur at the late R5 growth stage and into R6.  Managing this disease is strictly preventive through the use of crop rotation, delayed planting, resistant varieties and the fungicide seed treatments ILeVO and Saltro.  We are gathering data on SDS outbreaks in Virginia so please contact us if you suspect this disease in your fields.

As always, feel free to contact me if you have questions regarding disease and nematode issues in your fields. e-mail: dblangston@vt.edu, cell: 757-870-8498

In southwest Virginia we’ve seen a lot of squash vine borer problems this summer. More than usual. This moth pest lays its eggs (singly) at the base of squash or pumpkins, where the larva quickly bores into the plant after egg hatch and ultimately kills the vine or entire plant (as we’ve seen in our squash research plots in Whitethorne, VA).

Control

Squash vine borer can be a major pest challenge for growers and home gardeners. If you only have a few plants to protect, then trying to cover the base of plants with aluminum foil or the cardboard can help as the moth prefers to deposit the egg at the base of plants. This acts as an oviposition deterrent. However, this is not practical for commercial growers and the best control option is an insecticide spray directed at the base of plants where the female moth may contact it and die before laying the egg, or, after egg hatch, the young neonate larvae may die from the insecticide residue before boring into the plant, where it will be protected. Pyrethroids such as Asana XL (esfenvalerate), Baythroid XL (beta-cyfluthrin), Brigade 2EC (bifenthrin), Danitol 2.4EC (fenpropathrin), Hero EW (zeta-cypermethrin + bifenthrin), Warrior II or Lambda-Cy 1EC (lambda-cyhalothrin), Mustang Maxx (zeta-cypermethrin), Permethrin 3.2EC, Tombstone (cyfluthrin), to name a few, are the most effective insecticides for quick contact control of the SVB. As always, please read the label before using any insecticide and be mindful that pyrethroids are toxic to pollinators and other beneficial arthropods. So avoiding spraying when flowers are open and in bloom, and directing sprays to the base of plants will help reduce nontarget impacts.

I have had a few questions about starting a peanut fungicide program on slow growing or late planted peanuts recently. The rule of thumb date I typically use is if you haven’t sprayed for leaf spot by July 10th, go ahead and start making applications by that date. I know many growers that may spray once or twice before July 10th or R3 (early pod), but this year may be a good year to start spraying later. My thought process here is that: 1) leaf spot fungicide applications made on young peanuts in the early, vegetative stages are less susceptible to leaf spot; 2) much of the fungicide applied ends up on the soil surface and can’t protect peanuts or be taken up by foliage; and 3) since it seems peanut growth is delayed digging may occur later than normal so fungicide applications may be needed later than normal. If you start spraying now you may increase the number of fungicide applications you end up making, driving up production costs. In fields on rotations of 3 years or less (higher risk of leaf spot), spraying earlier than July 10th may be warranted. The best way to reduce fungicide inputs is by using a spray advisory such as the Virginia Peanut Leaf Spot Advisory available on the Peanut-Cotton InfoNet (https://webipm.ento.vt.edu/cgi-bin/infonet1.cgi) or the Virginia Peanut Hotline at 1-800-795-0700.

Speaking of disease advisories, don’t forget the VSBA (Virginia Sclerotinia Blight Advisory). One thing to make note of with the VSBA is that much of the risk calculated for Sclerotinia blight is based on the vine growth and canopy development of peanuts. So if peanuts are behind in growth the risk of developing Sclerotinia blight is also delayed. Therefore fungicide applications made to prevent Sclerotinia blight should be made later depending on vine growth. I would at least wait until vines are less than 6-inches from meeting in row middles before making a fungicide application specifically for Sclerotinia blight. The Miravis + Elatus tank-mix targets both leaf spot and Sclerotinia blight, so the July 10th start date still applies to the first application of that combination. Keep in mind that if it looks like we may be digging peanuts late that an additional application of Omega 500 may be needed up to 30 days prior to harvest to manage Sclerotinia blight if the second Miravis + Elatus tank-mix is applied in early August. Also, I recommend a FRAC Group 3 or DMI fungicide (like Provost Silver) that’s effective against Sclerotinia blight to go out with the last application of Miravis in case some leaf spot is present at the time of application. FRAC Group 3 or DMI fungicides have some curative or “kick-back” activity which can arrest leaf spot that’s present at the time of application.

The allium leafminer (ALM), Phytomyza gymnostoma (Loew) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is an invasive fly species that was first recorded in the U.S. in Pennsylvania in 2015. The pest attacks onions, garlic, and leeks where the larvae (maggots) feed on plant tissue by mining the plant causing wilting and possible death. This new pest to the mid-Atlantic area is a long grey-black fly with a distinctive yellow or orange patch on the top of its head, yellow sides and “knees” (femur-tibia junction), and white halteres (knobs as second pair of wings). The larvae are a typical whitish maggot. Adult females repeatedly puncture leaves with their ovipositor, resulting in a line of small white dots. Leaves can be wavy, curled and distorted. Larvae mine leaves and move into bulbs and leaf sheathes where they pupate. This invasive pest was recorded in southwest Virginia in 2021 and has been found in Montgomery, Carroll, Botetourt, and Bedford Counties in Virginia. Please pass this information on to VCE personnel and Master Gardeners so that we can track the spread of this invasive pest in The Commonwealth. The photos below show the life stages of this pest. The egg laying scars (perfect line of tiny circle marks on stems) are telltale sign.

Mustang Maxx  2.88 to 4.0 fl oz/A           zeta-cypermethrin

Warrior 1.28 to 1.92 fl oz/A         lambda-cyhalothrin

Scorpion 35SL    8.75 to 10.5 fl oz/A         dinotefuran – soil

Scorpion 35SL    5.25 to 7.0 fl oz/A           dinotefuran – foliar

Venom 70SG      5.0 to 6.0 fl oz/A             dinotefuran – soil           

Venom 70SG      3.0 to 4.0 fl oz/A             dinotefuran – foliar        

Entrust SC (OMRI)           3.0 to 6.0 fl oz/A             spinosad           

Radiant SC          6.0 to 10.0 fl oz/A           spinetoram

Trigard 75WSP  2.66 oz/A           cyromazine

Exirel    13.5 to 20.5 fl oz/A         cyantraniliprole

Minecto Pro       7.0 to 10.0 fl oz/A           cyantraniliprole + abamectin