Prohexadion calcium:

• Shoot growth reduction by prohexadione-calcium (PC) (Kudos and Apogee) early in the season (at Pink) significantly reduces bitter pit incidence by 45-54%.
• PC applications at pink also reduce the incidence of blossom blight and subse­quent shoot blight.
• Considerations for applying PC:
  • Use at the rate of 6 oz/acre.
  • PC is not active at high pH levels: Use magnesium sulfate or water conditioner to lower the pH level.
  • PC should not be mixed with calcium or boron.
  • Adding a surfactant to the tank increases the efficiency of PC applications.
  • Use anti-foam agent if the surfactant is one that foams.
  • If the water source contains high levels of calcium carbonate (hard water), add ammonium sulfate (AMS).
  • Both Kudos and Apogee are labeled for use at pink in apples.

Pink Lady (top) and Gala (bottom) flower buds on April 8, 2019.

Calcium applications:

• Between 15-50 pound of calcium chloride should be added per acre per year to reduce bitter pit incidence. In other words, 2-8 pound/cover spray.
  • Calcium chloride should not be applied at temperatures above 85 ^o
  • Early season applications of calcium are more important than late-season applications.
  • Foliar applications of Ca nitrate are not recommended for Delicious and York. They might cause cork-spot like symptoms.
  • Soil applications of Ca are not efficient.
  • Ca nitrate contains 13.5% nitrogen and it might affect fruit coloration if nitrogen levels in the orchard are already high.
  • Calcium content in fruit is largely affected by crop load, vigor control, and nutrient management.
  • Fruits in the higher part of the canopy contain more Ca than those in the lower half of the tree.
  • Boron deficiency may reduce Ca movement in the tree.

Boron applications:
– Boron is essential for Ca movement and Boron deficiency may lead to Ca-deficiency disorders including bitter pit.

• 3-4 lb/acre of solubor can be applied at tight cluster or pink/white stages; 7-10 after petal fall or with the first cover spray.

Nitrogen applications:

• The annual amount of nitrogen for mature apple trees in high-density planting is about 50-80 lb/acre. If the soil has 3% organic matter, this alone can contribute 30-40 lb/acre of nitrogen.
• Foliar application of urea early in the season at 3 lb/acre (prior to bloom) or 5-6 lb/acre (at petal fall) is beneficial for fruit set, early fruit growth, and leaf development.

Although this is the time of the year we usually talk about rescue thinning treatments, this might not be necessary this year. The several days of cloudy and rainy weather last week (April 13-18) had resulted in natural fruit abscission in many varieties. Although the carbohydrate thinning model did not predict any natural abscission to occur, it showed a severe carbohydrate deficit in the last ten days. Today I was examining some apple blocks in our research farm, and I noticed a lot of apple fruitlets under the un-thinned trees. The size of abscised fruit ranged between 11.1 mm in Gala to 13.6 mm in York (see the figure below). Although this predicts over-thinning in blocks sprayed with chemical thinners early last week, it could be just fine with some varieties like Fuji where chemical thinning is not always effective. If natural fruit abscission or over-thinning is the case in your blocks, it might be wise to reduce the number/amount of return bloom applications as this might result in excessive blooming next season.

According to the carbohydrate thinning model outputs for Winchester, we had only 1 day of carbohydrate surplus since the beginning of the growing season, with a value below 10 g carbon/day. This is mainly due to the several hot/cloudy/ and or rainy days and warm nights we had in the last two weeks. For those who started thinning applications last week (May 10-12), it might be wise to wait to see the effect of these treatments before starting extra thinning applications next week. For those who did not start thinning yet, Sunday (May 20) will probably be a good chance to apply your first thinning application. Fruit size will be < 15 mm for most apple cultivars and temperature will be good for 6-BA and NAA applications. As for today, we have Pink Lady at 16.5 mm, Fuji (12.35), Gala (15.6) and Honeycrisp (13.3). The model recommends applying the standard rate of chemical thinners and so do I.

For Central Virginia, the model outputs are almost similar to those of Winchester, with a more carbohydrate deficit is expected in the next three days. The model recommends reducing the rat of chemical thinners by 15-30%. Fruit size is > 15 mm now and 6-BA or NAA won’t be effective as thinners. Ethephon should be used instead if more thinning is needed. use ethephon (0.5 to 1.5 pints) + carbaryl (1 pint/ 100 gallon). For alkaline water, buffering the spray solution to a pH of 3 to 5 will increase chemical stability and effectiveness. With a temperature ≥ 85 oF, ethephon might result in overthinking.

I ran the carbohydrate-thinning model today for Winchester and Central Virginia, and it seems like we are in the right time for fruit thinning, in terms of fruit size, weather conditions, and the tree carbohydrate status. The average fruit size is between 8 – 15 mm, and the temperature will be 88 oF and 92 oF tomorrow (May 12) in Winchester and Central Virginia, respectively. The carbohydrate model predicts carbohydrate deficit until May 17 in both areas. The model recommends reducing the rate of chemical thinners by 15 – 30%. I would not encourage you to follow this rule, especially with the hard-to-thin apple varieties, like Fuji, Gala, Rome, York and Honeycrisp (see the table below). I would even use the higher dose of chemical thinners at this stage, and make it one strong thinning application, instead of two mild applications. Trees will respond well to 6-BA and NAA at this stage, and the likelihood of overthinning is low. It is not recommended to use NAA with Fuji and Red Delicious; as this may result in pigmy, seedless fruits. Instead, you can try a higher concentration of 6-BA (at 200 ppm), with carbaryl (1 pint) and a non-ionic surfactant (e.g. Regulaid). 6-BA is more effective when temperatures are above 85 oF and it increases the rate of cell division and final fruit size. NAA should give better results with Honeycrisp and York. You can use up to 10 ppm of NAA and mix it with carbaryl (1 pint/ a 100 gal) and a surfactant. If you do not know what chemical to use with your cultivar, use 6-BA. For de-fruiting young apple trees, use the maximum rates of chemical thinners (i.e. NAA at 10 ppm, carbaryl at 2 pint/100 gallon, and a Regulaid at 1/2 pint/100 gal).

Below is the carbohydrate thinning model outputs for Central Virginia. We used the weather station of Crown Orchard at Betesville, for temp. and solar radiation values. The model predicts carbohydrate deficit until May 14th, which is good for chemical thinning.

You may consider using the maximum rates of 6-BA (200 ppm), and NAA (10 ppm) and adding a non-ionic surfactant to your tank (see the table below) to enhance thinning efficiency.

We will start the model for Winchester/Frederick County when we reach a fruit size of 8 mm in Gala. As of today, the fruit size of our apple cultivars in the AREC’s research farm ranges between 4-5.8 mm (see the table below).

Greeting!
Below are the outputs of the carbohydrate thinning model for Winchester area. I used Gala’s green tip and full-bloom dates to run the model, but this should be working for the majority of apple cultivars. The fruit size of most cultivars we have in our research farm ranges between 3-5 mm. We usually recommend a fruit size of 8-15 mm, to start post-bloom thinning applications. So, the purpose of today’s post is to remind you of the basics of this model and how to read and interpret the outputs. Basically, we use temperature and solar radiation data from the nearest weather station to our orchard in order to calculate how much carbohydrate a mature apple tree would make a day (g/ day) starting from the green tip date; and how much carbohydrate a tree would demand. If the balance between the carbohydrate supply to demand is negative, the sensitivity to chemical thinners will be high, but if this balance is positive, the response to chemical thinners will be low. Cloudy days, warm nights and high temperatures for a number of days negatively affect carbohydrate production and result in carbohydrate deficit; whereas sunny and cool days promote photosynthesis, leading to carbohydrate surplus. In the chart below, the blue line shows the daily carbon balance, whereas the red line shows the average of four days (the present day and three days in advance). We consider the four-day average (the red line) when deciding for thinning time and rate.

Beside the temperature and solar radiation, the percentage of the source to sink organs also determines the tree carbohydrate balance, and subsequently the response to chemical thinners. Therefore, in the chart above, you will notice a carbohydrate deficit in the last five days despite the sunny weather. This is mainly due to two reasons: a) temperatures were high (> 88 oF) which encourages photorespiration, not photosynthesis; b) the demand of sink organs (i.e. flowers, young fruit, young leaves, buds) to carbohydrate is higher than what source organs (i.e. mature leaves) can provide at this stage (see the figure below). This balance between sink to source organs will change as leaves mature, and the competition among sink organs decreases.

Note from the model developer (March 22, 2018):
“The apple carbohydrate model simulates the response to weather of trees that are healthy with normal vigor and bloom, no significant water, nutrient or winter or spring freeze stress, and no significant carry-over stress from a previous year that will change tree responses. We are less confident in the model if temperatures are extremely cold or hot. Each orchard is unique, so use this tool, as any other, in the context of your own experience”

As you may be aware, temperature are going to drop to a freezing point (32 oF) tonight and tomorrow night in most parts of Virginia (see the freeze warning: http://www.fox5dc.com/weather/freeze-warning_62343395). Most peach and cherry varieties are in full bloom now and this weather might cause a slight damage to the open blossoms, but we are not close to the critical temperatures that would cause serious damage to the crop. Here is the chart of critical temperatures for frost damage.

Source (https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1643&context=extension_curall)

If you would consider turning-on your sprinklers to mitigate the effect of these freezing temperatures, here is the link to my previous post on using sprinklers for frost mitigation (https://blogs.ext.vt.edu/tree-fruit-horticulture/2017/03/12/sprinklers-for-frost-protection-are-they-worth-using/)
As for apple, this cold weather should not be a concern at this this point of bud development. Most apple varieties in our research farm in Winchester are still in the pink or loose cluster stage. Only Pink Lady and Arlet have some clusters with king bloom. Temperatures that would cause serious damage at this stage should be below 25 oF, which is luckily not the case for tonight or for the rest of this week.

Pink Lady in King bloom since Sunday April 15, 2018

The initiation of the next year flower buds occurs 2-6 weeks after bloom. Therefore, if the tree is exhausted in producing more fruits and/or vegetative tissues during this period, the initiation of flower buds will be negatively affected, and less return bloom will be obtained. Fruit thinning during this period, either chemically or by hand, helps the tree to direct some of their photoassimilates to the production of the next season’s flower buds. It has also been proven that treatments with some PGRs, particularly NAA and ethephon, after the thinning period ends (~ 6 weeks after bloom), can also promote bud initiation and subsequently return bloom.
Based on the results of many field trials, four bi-weekly sprays of NAA (5 ppm) and ethephon (150 ppm) beginning six weeks after full bloom promote return bloom in apple. These sprays can be added to the cover spray. However, if the tank is mixed with oil or a surfactant, the rates of NAA and ethephon should be reduced by 1/3. These rates should also be adjusted to the tree raw volume. Increasing water amount by 3-4X will enhance the positive effect of these treatments.