Tag Archives: Planting

Soybean Replant Decisions

Posted on June 27, 2013 by David Holshouser

Deciding whether or not to replant can be a gut-retching decision. I readily admit that the choice to leave the present stand or replant is not a simple one. With the ever-increasing cost of Roundup-Ready soybeans and diesel fuel, the profitability of replanting may not seem a good idea. On the other hand, high prices make replanting more appealing. In the end, your decision should be one based on the estimated dollar gain from replanting. This will require a careful evaluation of the soybean stand and an analysis of yield potential of the present and replanted crop.

In general, there is less benefit of replanting if stands are reduced uniformly across the field. Usually replanting can only be justified where stands have been reduced by half. However, poor stands usually include gaps in addition to merely a lower plant population. These gaps must be accounted for. In addition, one may have a 75-80% stand in parts of the field, while other parts of the field may only have 20-25% of the intended plant population; the decision may be to only replant part of the field.

Remember to take into account the yield loss from delayed planting. Up until mid-June, there is very little yield loss from delayed planting. After this, for every day delay in planting yield declines about half a bushel per day. For instance, if replanting in late-June/early-July (about 2 weeks late), your potential yield will have declined by 7 bushels per acre.

A few more questions must be asked before we can proceed with a step-by-step procedure for estimating the profit of replanting. When considering a replant, do you leave plants in the field and plant through them? In many cases, planting through the poor stand is a possibility. If you’re using rows wide enough to fit a tractor tire comfortably between them, then you can split the rows and plant enough new plants to get the final plant population up to 100 to 120 thousand plants for full-season systems (if re-planting before mid-June) or 180 to 200 thousand plants per acre for double-cropped systems (this may require equipment or tractor tire modifications).

On the other hand, a drill will cut up many healthy plants and make them less productive than the ones that you just replanted. Also, if the drill has wide gauge wheels, then you can severely damage a significant number of plants (there’s a significant amount of down pressure on those wheels – enough to crush a plant on hard soil). And a damaged plant can sometimes act more like a weed than a crop. Recognize that the plants growing in the field are going to be higher yielding that any that emerges after replanting. If you destroy or injure those plants, you’ve just writing off some profit. Therefore, I do not suggest planting through the old stand with a drill.

Another issue is that if you decide to replant, do you switch to an earlier maturity group? There is little need to plant an earlier-maturing variety. Here are two general rules of thumbs:

April/May Plantings: A 3-day delay in planting will result in a 1-day delay in planting. Therefore, if planting 30 days later, the crop will mature 10 days later.

June/July Plantings: A 5-day delay in planting will result in a 1-day delay in maturity. Therefore, if planting 15 days later, the crop will mature only about 3 days later.

Most important is to plant a maturity group that would grow as long as possible (therefore producing an adequate canopy for maximum yield) and still mature before the average frost date. If you’re destroying the old crop and starting over, just make sure that the variety you chose will mature before a frost. Alternatively, if you are planting into the old crop, you may want to choose a variety about one-third to half a maturity group earlier (depending on planting date differences) so that harvest maturity of both plantings will be more in sync. For example, if you planted a relative maturity group 5.6 on June 10, then you could choose a relative maturity of 5.2 to 5.4 if replanting on June 25.

Finally, realize that you’ll need a higher plant population when planting late. Final stand with a double-crop planting should be at least 180 thousand plants per acre. If replanting in July, increase the seeding rate to insure at least 220 thousand plants per acre.

To estimate the profitability of replanting, follow the guidelines listed below. Be sure to incorporate plant population and gaps in your calculations. We’ve found that 2- to 3-foot gaps cause as much or more yield loss that from low plant populations.

1. Determine the cause of the poor stand. Was the poor stand the result of poor seed quality, cold wet soils, hot dry soils, planting too deep or shallow, soil crusting, herbicide injury, insect or slug feeding, poor soil to seed contact, or disease infection? Determine if the cause can be corrected to avoid a similar situation. If slug or insect feeding or disease is the cause, then you might expect poor stands again.

2. Estimate the stand and percent stand loss due to gaps. Pace off the sections of row 20 paces long in at least 6 areas of the field. Determine (in number of paces) the total length of row lost to 2- to 3-foot gaps. For drilled soybean, this can be interpreted at 2- to 3-foot diameter gaps. Then determine the percent of row lost to gaps. In addition, count and determine average number of plants per foot in sections of row not reduced by gaps. The simplest method is to count the number of healthy plants (capable of recovery) in a length of row equaling 1/1000 of an acre. For instance:

· 36-inch rows = 14.5 feet

· 30-inch rows = 17.5 feet

· 20-inch rows = 26 feet

· 15-inch rows = 35 feet

· 7.5-inch rows = 70 feet

Then, just multiply your counts by 1,000 to get plants per acre.

Or, use the Tables 13.1 or 13.2 to determine remaining plant population. The “hula hoop” method (Table 13.2) is valuable with drilled soybean or when rows cannot be distinguished. This involves placing a circular measuring device such as a hula-hoop on the ground and counting the plants contained within.

Table 13.1. Plant populations of different row spacing with different plant counts per foot.
Plants/ foot	Row Spacing
Plants/ foot	36	30	24	20	15	7.5
	Plant Population (1,000’s/acre)
1	15	17	22	26	35	70
2	29	35	44	52	70	140
3	44	52	65	78	105	210
4	58	70	87	105	139	278
5	73	87	109	131	174	—
6	87	105	131	157	209	—
7	102	122	152	183	244	—

Table 13.2. Hula-hoop method for determining drilled soybean populations.
No. of Plants	Inside Diameter of Hula Hoop
No. of Plants	30”	32”	34”	36”	38”
	Plant Population (1,000’s/acre)^a
6	53	47	41	37	33
10	89	78	69	62	55
14	124	109	97	86	77
18	160	140	124	111	100
22	196	172	152	136	122
26	231	203	179	160	144
^aPlants/acre = no. plants ¸ (3.14 x r2 ¸ 43,560 ft2) where r = radius of hula hoop in feet.

3. Estimate the yield of the poor stand. Use Tables 13.3 and 13.4 to determine percent of yield potential for full-season and double-crop plantings, respectively. Multiply this percentage by the expected yield. This is the yield to expect from the deficient stand.

4. Estimate the yield from replanting. After mid-June, decrease the expected yields an additional half of a bushel per acre per day delay in planting. This is the yield to expect from delayed planting.

5. Determine the gain or loss from replanting. Subtract the expected yield of the poor stand (step 3) from the yield expected from delayed planting. This is the gain or loss in bu/A from replanting. Multiply this number by the expected price ($/bu), using future prices, to obtain gain or loss in $/A.

6. Estimate the cost of replanting. Include per acre cost of tillage, herbicide, fuel, seed, and labor.

7. Determine profitability of replanting. Subtract your cost of replanting from your estimated gain from replanting.

Table 13.3. Yield response (% of maximum) of full-season soybeans to deficit stands^a.
% Stand lost to gaps^b	Remaining Plant Pop (1,000’s/A)
% Stand lost to gaps^b	70	105	140
0	95	97	100
10	93	96	98
20	91	93	96
30	88	90	93
40	83	86	89
50	78	81	84
60	73	75	78
^aSource: Pepper and Wilmot. Managing Deficit Stands. 1991. Illinois Cooperative Extension Cir. 1317. ^bGaps of 12 inches or more; 30-inch rows

Table 13.4. Yield response (% of maximum) of double-crop soybeans to deficit stands^a.
% Stand lost to gaps^b	Remaining Plant Pop (1,000’s/A)
% Stand lost to gaps^b	100	140	180	220
0	80	88	95	100
20	71	79	86	91
40	61	69	76	81
60	48	57	64	69
^aSource: 2001-2004 experiments, Suffolk, VA. ^bGaps of 3 feet; 15-inch rows; MG 4 variety

Full-Season Soybean Seeding Rates

Posted on May 8, 2013 by David Holshouser

My soybean seeding rate recommendation for full-season production systems is to plant enough seed to insure 80,000 uniformly spaced plants/acre. If you cannot uniformly space the plants within a row, then my recommendation rises to 100,000 plants/acre. Based on numerous seeding rate experiments conducted in Virginia, I feel very confident in this recommendation.

Of the 27 full-season seeding rate experiments conducted from 2004 to 2009, I can group soybean yield response to plant population into the following three categories: 1) no response to plant population; 2) optimum plant population of 75-100,000 plants/acre; and 3) optimum plant population of 100-140,000 plants/acre. Below are individual tests that represent these categories.

First, note that these examples only show the response of yield to plant population and do not take into account seed costs. When seed costs are included, the optimum plant population is lower than is shown on the graphs. Also note that these graphs show yield response to plant population, not seeding rate. To convert to seeding rate, adjust these numbers to reflect your expected percent emergence. For example if you assume 75% emergence, you would need to adjust your seeding rate to 133,000 seed/acre to obtain 100,000 plants/acre.

We conducted these experiments with maturity group 4 and 5 varieties. While one may think that more seed might be required for early-maturing varieties, this was not the case (i.e., group 4 and 5 varieties responded similarly).

There may be some correlation with yield potential as listed below:

30-40 Bu/A Yield Potential (14 tests)
- 6 required 100-130,000 plants/acre
- 2 required 70-100,000 plants/acre
- 6 had no yield response
40-60 Bu/A Yield Potential (7 tests)
- 2 required 70-100,000 plants/acre
- 5 had no yield response
> 60 Bu/A Yield Potential (7 tests)
- 2 required ~130,000 plants/acre
- 4 required 70-100,000 plants/acre
- 1 had no yield response

So, what do these data mean? It means that every environment (year & location) is a little different and there is no way that we can predict with 100% accuracy the exact seeding rate that will be required for your field in the coming growing season. However, we do know that if we can obtain full canopy closure (90-95% light interception) by full flower (R2 stage) to early pod (R3 stage), we can maximize soybean yield potential. In a dry year or under a droughty soil (low yield potentials), greater seeding rates will help insure this. Still in most cases (30 to 60 bushel yield potentials), 70-100,000 plants/acre are adequate.

What about fields with greater than 60 bushel yield potential? In this case, we need to look beyond adequate leaf area and need to start thinking about how many pods the soybean plant can support. For instance, at 40 bushels/acre and 100,000 plants/acre, we only need to produce 72 seed/plant (using 3000 seed/lb) or about 30 pods/plant (using 2.5 seed/pod). But, at 60 bushels/acre, we need to produce 108 seed or 45 pods per plant; at 80 bushels/acre, we need 144 seed or 60 pods per plant. Considering that 12 reproductive nodes per plant are possible, 4 to 5 pods per node on a rather tall plant would be required. Although branching will also contribute to yield, that seems a lot to ask of one soybean plant. So, if you are trying to win the yield contest or are irrigating soybean, I suggest planting enough seed to obtain 120-140,000 plants per acre in a full-season system; otherwise 80-100,000 plants are adequate.

Cool Soils Should Alter Your Planting Plans

Posted on May 1, 2013 by David Holshouser

It goes without saying that every year is different and this winter/spring has been wet and cold. I think that most of us have assumed that the soil temperatures are much below normal; therefore, holding off a few days with planting may be a good idea. According to 2013 and five-year historical soil temperature records at Orange and Suffolk (from the USDA-NRCS Soil Climate Analysis Network weather stations), soil temperatures have been fluctuating quite a bit.

After early-April soil temperatures proved to be much colder than normal, a week or two of warm weather put us back on track with average. Then, temperatures dropped off again. Fortunately, the last two weeks of cool weather have not lowered the soil temperatures all that much.

Although our soils have warmed substantially since early April, the temperatures are still less than optimum for soybean germination and emergence. Ideally, I like to see temperatures hold steady at 65 to 70^O or above. The ideal temperature for soybean germination is 77^O and the optimum range is 68 to 86^O. The maximum is 94^O, where germination can be inhibited. However, we can’t always wait for perfect temperatures if we are to get all of our soybeans planted on time.

Still, planting soybean in cool (<65^O) will lead to delayed emergence and increased chance of seedling disease that can reduce stands, weaken emerged plants, and inhibit early-season growth. For a more detailed description of fungal seedling disease in soybean, refer to an article I wrote last May on the subject and can be found in my Virginia Soybean Update blog.

I stress that the greater time required for emergence, the greater probability that the seed will become infected with soil-borne disease. If you are planting into cool soils, I strongly suggest using fungicide-treated seed as an insurance against seedling disease. These treatments will protect the seed and seedling if emergence is delayed.

But, seed treatments should not be a substitute for other practices that encourage rapid seedling emergence. Here is my checklist for insuring a good stand free of seedling disease:

Know the germination and vigor of your seed; adjust the seeding rate accordingly.
Insure good soil-to-seed contact by properly setting your planter to cut through the residue and penetrate to the proper depth.
Plant soybean seed ¾ to 1 inch deep into good soil moisture.
Consider fungicide seed treatments if planting into cool soils.

Three Principles of No-Till Planting

Posted on May 4, 2012 by David Holshouser

Nearly all of Virginia’s soybean acres are planted no-till. Therefore, most of you are experts at getting a good stand even in heavy residue. Still, a quick review of the principles of no-till planting is always helpful. This can be boiled down to three simple steps: 1) Cut the residue; 2) Penetrate the soil to the proper depth; and 3) Insure good soil-to-seed contact. Some may add a fourth step – close the seed-V, but I consider that part of step 3. For more information, see VCE publication 442-457, Planter Drill Considerations for Conservation Tillage Systems, which can be found at the VCE web site, http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442/442-457/442-457.html.

1. Cut the Residue. In order to cut the residue, it first needs to be spread uniformly over the field. This begins with harvest of the previous crop. Residue cannot be cut adequately when residue levels are piled in one place. Furthermore, disk openers don’t really cut through piles of chaff; instead, it is tilled into the soil, which hinders the third step of insuring good soil (not chaff)-to-seed contact. Chaff in the seed zone will only pull moisture away from the seed.

Standing residue is easier to plant through than mowed/shredded residue. So, don’t shred stalks and consider stripper headers for small grains.

Allow the residue to dry and become crisp before planting. Planting too early in the morning is one of the biggest mistakes made. Regardless if the planter is set right or not, cutting wet or tough residue is a challenge that might not be overcome. Remember, 75% of soybean yield is established when you put the seed into the ground. Don’t get in a big hurry. Allow the residue to dry.

This should go without saying and I rarely see this being done in Virginia. But, never burn the straw! This is a valuable resource. Burning will remove any nitrogen and carbon and send it up into the air. This adds to pollution and throws away probably the two most important resources for producing a good crop and improving soil quality.

Once the residue is spread evenly, we can then turn our attention to the planter or drill. First, adjust the disk openers. Coulters and disk openers should be sharp, have a diameter large enough to create a “scissoring” action between the blade and ground, and not be bent or damaged.

Double-disk openers should be set to work together with little to no gaps between disks. Maintain approximately 1 to 1½ inch of contact between the two disks. If this blade-to-blade contact cannot be maintained, if blade diameter is worn below the manufacturer’s recommendations, or if the blade edge is bent, chipped, or jagged, the blade should be replaced. Watch the leading edge of offset double-disk openers for significant wear and bending. Essentially, the leading edge of the disk takes the abrasion and wear of cutting straw or stalks and penetration the soil. Gradual wear leads to a bigger gap between the double-disks. If the gap becomes too big or the leading disk edge becomes bent, the disks will push residue into the furrow instead of cutting through it. For offset double-disk openers, a business card-width gap should be maintained to insure proper operation and prevent the trailing disk from cutting into the leading disk blade.

Once insuring that the disk openers can do the job, the next thing to bring your attention to is adequate down pressure. This is not the same thing as weight. We can add weight later. Down pressure is controlled by the springs or hydraulics on the planter. It’s the amount of downward pressure being applied by each planting unit. Although adequate down pressure is most related to step 2 – disk openers must penetrate to the proper depth to adequately cut the residue – practices and adjustments within each step may overlap. The coulters and/or disk openers must act like a pair of scissors. The drawing to the right illustrates this concept. The dashed line represents the soil surface and the solid line represents the angle between the coulter and soil. Note that the coulter is running at the proper depth and the contact angle is about 45^O. At this angle, the cutting is scissor-like and residue will be cut. Keep in mind that the size of the coulter will affect this angle; bigger is usually better.

Although not necessary, coulters can be added in front of the planter openers to ensure residue cutting. Like disk openers, the cutting angle must be correct. All the same principles mentioned thus far and in step 2 apply. Because coulters are usually mounted several feet in front of the seed opening/placement device (in the case of coulter caddies even further), many use wide-fluted coulters. A pivoting hitch or a steering mechanism will keep the seed openers tracking in the coulter slots.

2. Penetrate the Soil to the Proper Depth. The primary differences between conventional planter/drill systems and those designed for conservation tillage systems are down-pressure and weight. Since openers and soil engaging devices must deliver more down pressure to penetrate firmer no-till soils and cut the residue, conservation planter/drill systems include heavy-duty down-pressure devices, are built heavier, and have the ability to carry much more weight than conventional tillage systems. Penetrating the soil to the proper depth may require up to 500 pounds of down-pressure per planting unit. Down-pressure springs are adjustable and multiple springs can be added if insufficient pressure is achieved. Hydraulic down-pressure controls are also available. Only after adequate down-pressure is achieved are we ready to add weight to the planter/drill. Adding weight by itself will not ensure penetration to the proper seeding depth. Add sufficient weight to the planter to ensure penetration of the coulters and seed furrow openers into untilled soil, and to keep the seed-metering drive wheels on the ground.

Soil type affects planting depth. The planter/drill will tend to sink and begin dragging up residue if it moves out of heavier soil into a lighter soil, if the planter moves from a no-till to a tilled area, or if the planter moves from compacted land to that which is not compacted. The result is that the coulters move too deep and begin pushing, instead of cutting, the residue. Never set the planter on the field edges where the soil is more likely to be compacted or in an unrepresentative soil. Wide gauge wheels, drill units that do not run side-by-side but are offset, and high clearance will reduce residue dragging when in a field with highly-variable soil types
.

3. Insure Good Soil-to-Seed Contact. Good soil-to-seed contact cannot be achieved unless the first two steps are performed correctly. If the first two steps were carried out correctly, the last step will be much easier. There are two methods for seed-depth control on most no-till planter/drill systems: 1) setting the depth from a gauge wheel adjacent to the seed furrow device or 2) adjusting press wheel pressure behind the seed furrow openers. The disadvantage of any system using the press wheel for depth control is its distance from the seed opener. As the distance increases there is a greater possibility that irregular terrain will influence both depth control and the press wheel’s ability to provide good soil-to- seed contact. Depth control from an adjacent gage wheel is preferred. In either case, keep adequate pressure on the gauge or press wheel to force the openers into the soil to the proper depth. For more detailed discussion on the advantages of different types of press wheels (i.e., flat, ribbed, angled, etc.), see VCE publication 442-457 referenced earlier.

Sufficient weight must remain on the press wheels to ensure firming of the seed into the soil. Wet soil is easily compacted and care must be taken not to over pack the soil, making it difficult for seedling roots to penetrate the soil. In dry soil conditions, extra closing force may be needed. The key is to evaluate seed-to-soil contact, not just closing the top of the seed-V. As long as the contact is maintained, something as simple as a harrow that acts to close the top of the V and pull light residue cover back over the V may be all that is needed. This is a common practice on drills that use a narrow press wheel.

These three principles will make you successful at no-tilling soybeans, or any crop for that matter.

Lower Seeding Rates & Maintain Yields with Narrow Rows & Uniform Stands

Posted on April 16, 2012 by David Holshouser

Before the cost of soybean seed jumped with the introduction of the Roundup-Ready trait, soybean was planted at much greater rates than was needed for maximum yields. Back then, seed was cheap. It only cost a few dollars to insure adequate stands – even if only 50% of those seed emerged. Today, planting extra seed is a luxury that we can no longer afford, especially if the seed includes one or more of the many seed treatments now available. Furthermore, with better planters and drills that easily handle residue and place the seed at the proper depth, we tend to get better stands. But, just how low can we go? How many seed per acre does it take to maximize yield?
Over the past 8-10 years, I’ve collected a lot of seeding rate data on different soils throughout Virginia. The main conclusion from that research was that seeding rate recommendations were too high for full-season (May-planted) soybean and barely adequate for double-cropped (late June- to July-planted) soybean. Over the past three years, I’ve also collected quite a bit of data following a barley crop (early June planted) and I feel comfortable with relatively low seeding rates for this cropping system. My current recommendations are listed below. Note that the table lists the desired final plant population in plants per acre and the seeding rate calculations (in plants per row foot) are based on 80% emergence. Your final stand may vary depending on emergence. In general, for May plantings, 80,000 plants per acre are adequate for all row widths.

Suggested Soybean Seeding Rates for Virginia

Don’t Widen Rows to Save Seed. I’ve heard talk of widening rows to save seed. It’s true that if you move back to 30 or 36” row spacing, you’ll not use as much seed. That’s because you can only crowd so many plants into a row and get a benefit. Basically, too many plants within the row are competing with each other. But, you’re losing the benefit of narrow rows, which is, once again to capture 90% or more of the sunlight by flowering and early pod development. Sure, it’s possible that in a good year on a good soil, you’ll be able to meet these requirements. But over time, it’s not likely. On the other hand, row spacing of 15 to 20 inches should provide adequate canopy if planted in May through mid-June. Keep in mind that the later you plant, the greater the benefit from narrow rows. Also, narrow rows benefit early-maturing varieties more than late maturing varieties. And, as I’ve alluded to earlier, there is less of an advantage to narrow rows on more productive soils. Therefore, some fields will likely respond more to narrow rows than others.

Here’s a good way to check and see if your row spacing is narrow enough for a particular field. This summer, when the soybean crop is in full bloom, walk your fields. As you’re walking, look into the canopy. Can you see any ground? If so, then you’re rows are not narrow enough. If you’re already planting in narrow rows, then consider raising your seeding rate. This will insure that you’re meeting the leaf area requirements.

Uniform Stands Matter. We generally think that soybeans will compensate for poor stands, wide rows, and/or gaps within rows. Soybean will compensate much more than other crops. However, I think that uniformity of stand within the row matters. The more uniform the spacing between plants within a row, the greater the yield potential. This was shown with double-cropped soybean in research conducted in Virginia that compared a 15-inch planter with a standard drill and a drill that uniformly distributes the seed in the row (see figure below). I’ll refer to this drill as a “precision drill.” Details of the drills used are shown below.

Meteriing wheels for various seed types in the Great Plains 1510P or 1520P Precision Seeding System

Type, make and model, seed singulation method, and row spacing of seeding equipment used in this study.

Stand uniformity with the precision drill was equal to the vacuum-meter planter and better than the standard drill. Yield results are also shown below. Soybean yield with the standard drill was equal to the vacuum-meter planter in three of four years and less than the vacuum-meter planter in one year. Soybean yields were greater when planted with the precision drill than when planted with the vacuum-meter planter in 2 of 3 years, and averaged 10% over three years of study.